DXA Quality Control — Publications

Pediatric Lateral Distal Femur Reference Ranges for Ages 1 to 18 years

Zemel BS, Shepherd J, Kazemi L, Kelly A, Stallings VA, Kecskemethy HH, Weber DR, Wasserman H, Kalkwarf HJ

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 28, 101594 (2025)

Advanced Analysis Protocol Improves Quality of Pediatric Hip Structural Analysis

Cataldi D, Shepherd J, Grant SF, Kalkwarf HJ, Kazemi L, Quon BK, Mitchell JA, Kelly A, McCormack SE, Zemel BS

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 26, 101409 (2023)

Visceral adipose tissue reference data computed for GE HealthCare DXA from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data set

Bennett JP, Quon BK, Fan B, Liu E, Kazemi L, Villegas‐Valle RC, Ahgun R, Wu X, Zhou H, Lü Y, Shepherd J

Obesity, 31, 2947-2959 (2023)

Standardization of dual‐energy x‐ray visceral adipose tissue measures for comparison across clinical imaging systems

Bennett JP, Fan B, Liu E, Kazemi L, Wu X, Zhou H, Lü Y, Shepherd J

Obesity, 31, 2936-2946 (2023)

Positions of The International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Their Etiology: A Scoping Review

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 26, 101369 (2023)

Reference Ranges for Bone Mineral Content and Density by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Young Children

Kalkwarf HJ, Shepherd J, Fan B, Sahay RD, Ittenbach RF, Kelly A, Yolton K, Zemel BS

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 107, e3887-e3900 (2022)

RE: Reitshamer E, Barrett K, Shea K, Dawson-Hughes B. Cross-Calibration of Prodigy and Horizon A Densitometers and Precision of the Horizon A Densitometer. J Clin Densitom. 2021.

Leslie WD, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 24, 502-503 (2021)

Changes in Bone Mineral Density Following Conventional Oral Phosphonate Treatment of Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia: A Non-Randomized Controlled Study

Guo YL, Zhou Y, Wu X, Tang C, Wang M, Mo Z, Shepherd J, Ng BK, Fan B, Zhou H

International Journal of General Medicine, Volume 14, 7925-7931 (2021)

Intermachine differences in DXA measurements vary by skeletal site, and impact the assessment of low bone density in children

Zemel BS, Wasserman H, Kelly A, Fan B, Shepherd J, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Winer KK, Kalkwarf HJ

Bone, 141, 115581 (2020)

Pediatric Reference Ranges for Ultradistal Radius Bone Density: Results from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study

Kindler JM, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Kelly A, Winer KK, Zemel BS

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 105, e3529-e3539 (2020)

Cross-calibration, Least Significant Change and Quality Assurance in Multiple Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scanner Environments: 2019 ISCD Official Position

Jankowski LG, Warner S, Gaither KW, Lenchik L, Fan B, Lü Y, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 22, 472-483 (2019)

Use of Bone Health Evaluation in Orthopedic Surgery: 2019 ISCD Official Position

Anderson PA, Morgan S, Krueger D, Zapalowski C, Tanner B, Jeray KJ, Krohn K, Lane JP, Yeap SS, Shuhart C, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 22, 517-543 (2019)

Executive Summary of the 2019 ISCD Position Development Conference on Monitoring Treatment, DXA Cross-calibration and Least Significant Change, Spinal Cord Injury, Peri-prosthetic and Orthopedic Bone Health, Transgender Medicine, and Pediatrics

Shuhart C, Yeap SS, Anderson PA, Jankowski LG, Lewiecki EM, Morse LR, Rosen HN, Weber DR, Zemel BS, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 22, 453-471 (2019)

Radiotranslucent foam isolation blocks improve regional tissue accuracy in whole body DXA scans

Ng BK, Liu YE, Kelly TL, Wilson KE, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 21, 607-608 (2018)

Hologic Horizon Spine, Forearm and Lateral Distal Femur Precision in Young Children

Fan B, Din N, Kazemi L, Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 21, 33 (2018)

Tracking of Spine BMD (Bone Mineral Density) in Infants Exposed to TDF (Tenofovir Disproxil Fumarate) Medication in Utero and/or during Breast Feeding

Kazemi L, Fan B, Sommer MJ, George K, Stranix‐Chibanda L, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 21, 31 (2018)

Interpretation of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Derived Body Composition Change in Athletes: A Review and Recommendations for Best Practice

Hind K, Slater G, Oldroyd B, Lees M, Thurlow S, Barlow M, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 21, 429-443 (2018)

Proceedings of the 2016 Santa Fe Bone Symposium: New Concepts in the Management of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases

Lewiecki EM, Bilezikian JP, Bukata SV, Camacho PM, Clarke B, McClung MR, Miller PD, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 20, 134-152 (2017)

Spine fracture prevalence in a nationally representative sample of US women and men aged ≥40 years: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014

Cosman F, Krege JH, Looker AC, Schousboe JT, Fan B, Isfahani NS, Shepherd J, Krohn K, Steiger P, Wilson KE, Genant HK

Osteoporosis International, 28, 1857-1866 (2017)

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiomery Technology

Shepherd J, Crabtree N

Advanced Analysis Techniques Improve Infant Bone and Body Composition Measures by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Shepherd J, Sommer MJ, Fan B, Powers C, Stranix‐Chibanda L, Zadzilka A, Basar M, George K, Mukwasi-Kahari C, Siberry GK

The Journal of Pediatrics, 181, 248-253.e3 (2016)

Hip Structure Analysis Precision and Agreement between the Hologic and GE-Lunar DXA Systems

Shepherd J, Fan B, Lewiecki M, Miller P, Genant HK

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 429-430 (2015)

US White and Black Women Do Not Represent the Bone Mineral Density of Sub-Saharan Black Women

Mukwasi C, Chibanda LS, Banhwa J, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 525-532 (2015)

Clinical Use of Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) of the Hip in the Management of Osteoporosis in Adults: the 2015 ISCD Official Positions—Part I

Engelke K, Lang T, Khosla S, Qin L, Zysset PK, Leslie WD, Shepherd J, Schousboe JT

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 338-358 (2015)

Influence of anthropometric parameters on assessment of pediatric bone mineral density and bone mineral content

Short DF, Hangartner TN, Gilsanz V, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Zemel BS, Winer KK

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 2, 205 (2014)

TBS precision and accuracy comparison between the hologic and GE-lunar DXA systems

Fan B, Lewiecki M, Miller PD, Genant HK, Shepherd J

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 2, 245 (2014)

Importance of Image Review for Accurate Reporting of Hologic DXA Visceral Adipose Tissue

Powers C, Fan B, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 17, 399 (2014)

Longitudinal Tracking of Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Bone Measures Over 6 Years in Children and Adolescents: Persistence of Low Bone Mass to Maturity

Wren TAL, Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Winer KK, Gilsanz V

The Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 1280-1285.e2 (2014)

Reflection analysis of infant scans results may improve infant DXA bone density and body composition result that contain motion

Shepherd J, Fan B, Powers C, Stanix-Chibanda L, Fowler MG, DiMeglio L, George K, Siberry GK

How Comparable Are Hologic and GE-Lunar Visceral Fat Analyses?

Fan B, Wilson J, Shepherd J, Wu X

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16, 263 (2013)

Total body bone area, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density for individuals aged 8 years and over: United States, 1999-2006.

Looker AC, Borrud LG, Hughes JP, Fan B, Shepherd J, Sherman M

PubMed, , 1-78 (2013)

Executive Summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on Body Composition

Shepherd J, Baim S, Bilezikian JP, Schousboe JT

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16, 489-495 (2013)

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Whole-Body Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Reference Data for GE Lunar Systems

Fan B, Shepherd J, Levine MA, Steinberg D, Wacker W, Barden HS, Ergun DL, Wu XP

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 17, 344-377 (2013)

The Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: Indications of Use and Reporting of DXA for Body Composition

Kendler DL, Borges J, Fielding RA, Itabashi A, Krueger D, Mulligan K, Camargos BM, Sabowitz B, Wu C, Yu EW, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16, 496-507 (2013)

Long-Term Precision of Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Measurements and Association With Their Covariates

Powers C, Fan B, Borrud LG, Looker AC, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 76-85 (2013)

The Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: Acquisition of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Body Composition and Considerations Regarding Analysis and Repeatability of Measures

Hangartner TN, Warner S, Braillon P, Jankowski L, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16, 520-536 (2013)

Executive Summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on Bone Densitometry

Schousboe JT, Shepherd J, Bilezikian JP, Baim S

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16, 455-466 (2013)

Long Term Precision of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Total and Regional Body Composition Measurements and Their Associations

Powers C, Fan B, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 15, 490-491 (2012)

A multinational study to develop universal standardization of whole-body bone density and composition using GE Healthcare Lunar and Hologic DXA systems

Shepherd J, Fan B, Lü Y, Wu XP, Wacker W, Ergun DL, Levine MA

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 27, 2208-2216 (2012)

Long-term clinical studies face common and challenging quality issues with device relocations and upgrades

Marquez L, Fan B, Arslanian S, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 14, 153 (2011)

Evaluation of whole body and subregional DXA precision

Powers C, Fan B, Borrud LG, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 14, 166 (2011)

Optimal monitoring time interval between DXA measures in children

Shepherd J, Wang L, Fan B, Gilsanz V, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lü Y, Hangartner TN, Zemel BS, Fredrick M, Oberfield SE, Winer KK

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26, 2745-2752 (2011)

The Impact of Recent Technological Advances on the Trueness and Precision of DXA to Assess Body Composition

Toombs RJ, Ducher G, Shepherd J, Souza MJD

Obesity, 20, 30-39 (2011)

Revised Reference Curves for Bone Mineral Content and Areal Bone Mineral Density According to Age and Sex for Black and Non-Black Children: Results of the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study

Zemel BS, Kalkwarf HJ, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Frederick M, Huang X, Lü M, Mahboubi S, Hangartner TN, Winer KK

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96, 3160-3169 (2011)

Height Adjustment in Assessing Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements of Bone Mass and Density in Children

Zemel BS, Leonard MB, Kelly A, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Mahboubi S, Shepherd J, Hangartner TN, Frederick M, Winer KK, Kalkwarf HJ

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95, 1265-1273 (2010)

Cross Calibration of Whole Body Scans Between GE-Lunar and Hologic Systems

Fan B, Wu XP, Levine MA, Wacker W, Barden HS, Ergun DL, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 12, 385 (2009)

Does standardized BMD still remove differences between Hologic and GE-Lunar state-of-the-art DXA systems?

Fan B, Lü Y, Genant HK, Fuerst T, Shepherd J

Osteoporosis International, 21, 1227-1236 (2009)

Prevalence and trends in low femur bone density among older US adults: NHANES 2005–2006 compared with NHANES III

Looker AC, Melton LJ, Harris TB, Borrud LG, Shepherd J

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25, 64-71 (2009)

Cross-Calibration and Longitudinal Quality Control of Hologic Selenia Full-Field Digital Mammography Systems for Volumetric Breast Density Measurements

Wang J, Malkov S, Fan B, Shepherd J

Lecture notes in computer science, , 740-747 (2008)

Comparing BMD Results Between Two Similar DXA Systems Using the Generalized Least Significant Change

Shepherd J, Morgan SL, Lü Y

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 11, 237-242 (2008)

Improved precision with Hologic Apex software

Fan B, Lewiecki EM, Sherman M, Lü Y, Miller PD, Genant HK, Shepherd J

Osteoporosis International, 19, 1597-1602 (2008)

Peripheral Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in the Management of Osteoporosis: The 2007 ISCD Official Positions

Hans D, Shepherd J, Schwartz EN, Reid DM, Blake GM, Fordham JN, Fuerst T, Hadji P, Itabashi A, Krieg M, Lewiecki EM

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 11, 188-206 (2008)

Effect of Random BMD Measurement Errors on Diagnostic Classification using T-Scores

Blake GM, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 10, 415-417 (2007)

T-Scores and Z-Scores

Shepherd J, Blake GM

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 10, 349-350 (2007)

A Generalized Least Significant Change for Individuals Measured on Different DXA Systems

Shepherd J, Lü Y

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 10, 249-258 (2007)

Standards and Measurements for Assessing Bone Health

Bennett HS, Dienstfrey A, Hudson LT, Oreskovic TL, Fuerst T, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9, (2006)

A New Method of Quality Management for DXA

Fan B, Fairbanks LR, Sherman M, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9, 240 (2006)

Monitoring Time Interval for BMD at Different Skeletal Sites in Children

Wang L, Lü Y, Fan B, Winer KK, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9, 239 (2006)

Standards and Measurements for Assessing Bone Health—Workshop Report Co-Sponsored by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Bennett HS, Dienstfrey A, Hudson LT, Oreskovic TL, Fuerst T, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9, 399-405 (2006)

Comparison of BMD precision for Prodigy and Delphi spine and femur scans

Shepherd J, Fan B, Lü Y, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Genant HK

Osteoporosis International, 17, 1303-1308 (2006)

Cross-Calibration and Minimum Precision Standards for Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry: The 2005 ISCD Official Positions

Shepherd J, Lü Y, Wilson KE, Fuerst T, Genant HK, Hangartner TN, Wilson CR, Hans D, Leib ES

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9, 31-36 (2006)

A Common Region of Interest (ROI) Improves the Comparability among DXA Devices

Prevrhal S, Lü Y, Genant HK, Toschke JO, Shepherd J

Towards Standardization of Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at the Forearm

Prevrhal S, Lü Y, Genant HK, Toschke JO, Shepherd J

Calcified Tissue International, 76, 348-354 (2005)

Recalculation of the NHANES Database SD Improves T-Score Agreement and Reduces Osteoporosis Prevalence

Binkley N, Kiebzak GM, Lewiecki EM, Krueger D, Gangnon RE, Miller PD, Shepherd J, Drezner MK

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 20, 195-201 (2005)

QDR 4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer underestimates fat mass in comparison with criterion methods in adults

Schoeller DA, Tylavsky FA, Baer DJ, Chumlea WC, Earthman CP, Fuerst T, Harris TB, Heymsfield SB, Horlick M, Lohman TG, Lukaski HC, Shepherd J, Siervogel RM, Borrud LG

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81, 1018-1025 (2005)

Human studies

Njeh CF, Shepherd J, Genant HK

Absorptiometric measurement

Njeh CF, Shepherd J

Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Lewiecki EM, Watts NB, McClung MR, Petak SM, Bachrach LK, Shepherd J, Downs RW

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89, 3651-3655 (2004)

Use of Bone Densitometry in the Clinical Management of Osteoporosis

Shepherd J, Njeh C, Genant HK

Humana Press eBooks, , 105-119 (2003)

Discrepancy in Results Between Spine and Hip Scans of a Woman with End Stage Renal Disease

Sherman ME, Shepherd J, Frassetto L, Genant HK

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 5, 95-98 (2002)

Does Osteoporosis Classification Using Heel BMD Agree Across Manufacturers?

Grigorian M, Shepherd J, Cheng XG, Njeh CF, Toschke JO, Genant HK

Osteoporosis International, 13, 613-617 (2002)

Universal Standardization of Forearm Bone Densitometry

Shepherd J, Cheng XG, Lü Y, Njeh C, Toschke JO, Engelke K, Grigorian M, Genant HK

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 17, 734-745 (2002)

Accuracy of CT‐based thickness measurement of thin structures: Modeling of limited spatial resolution in all three dimensions

Prevrhal S, Fox JC, Shepherd J, Genant HK

Medical Physics, 30, 1-8 (2002)

Comparison of Two Phantoms for Body Composition with Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry

Dießel E, Shepherd J, Fuerst T, González M, Genant HK, Carew B, Looker AC

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 904, 107-110 (2000)

Reporting of bone mineral density values as T-scores or Z-scores: Comment on the article by Sowers et al

Shepherd J, Prevrhal S

Arthritis & Rheumatism, 42, 2497 (1999)