MAPS — Publications

Deep Learning Enables Large-Scale Shape and Appearance Modeling in Total-Body DXA Imaging

Bunnell A, Cataldi D, Glaser Y, Wolfgruber T, Heymsfield SB, Zonderman AB, Kelly TL, Sadowski P, Shepherd J

Lecture notes in computer science, , 262-276 (2025)

Race-neutral Pediatric Reference Ranges for Bone Mineral Density Predict Prospective Fractures in Childhood

Zemel BS, Winer KK, Kelly A, Freedman DS, Mitchell JA, Weber DR, McCormack SE, McWilliams T, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Grant SF, Kalkwarf HJ

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 110, 3034-3048 (2025)

3D Convolutional Deep Learning for Nonlinear Estimation of Body Composition from Whole-Body Morphology

Tian IY, Liu J, Wong MC, Kelly NN, Liu Y, Garber AK, Heymsfield SB, Curless B, Shepherd J

Research Square, , (2024)

Prediction of total and regional body composition from 3D body shape

Qiao C, Rolfe EDL, Mak E, Sengupta A, Powell RC, Watson L, Heymsfield SB, Shepherd J, Wareham NJ, Brage S, Cipolla R

npj Digital Medicine, 7, 298 (2024)

Advanced Analysis Protocol Improves Quality of Pediatric Hip Structural Analysis

Cataldi D, Shepherd J, Grant SF, Kalkwarf HJ, Kazemi L, Quon BK, Mitchell JA, Kelly A, McCormack SE, Zemel BS

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 26, 101409 (2023)

Visceral adipose tissue reference data computed for GE HealthCare DXA from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data set

Bennett JP, Quon BK, Fan B, Liu E, Kazemi L, Villegas‐Valle RC, Ahgun R, Wu X, Zhou H, Lü Y, Shepherd J

Obesity, 31, 2947-2959 (2023)

Bone and Renal Health in Infants With or Without Breastmilk Exposure to Tenofovir-Based Maternal Antiretroviral Treatment in the PROMISE Randomized Trial

Vhembo T, Baltrusaitis K, Tierney C, Owor M, Dadabhai S, Violari A, Theron G, Moodley D, Mukwasi-Kahari C, George K, Shepherd J, Siberry GK, Browning R, Fowler MG, Stranix‐Chibanda L, team FTIPS

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 93, 431-437 (2023)

Positions of The International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Their Etiology: A Scoping Review

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 26, 101369 (2023)

Reference ranges for body composition indices by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study Cohort

Zemel BS, Shepherd J, Grant SF, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Mitchell JA, Winer KK, Kelly A, Kalkwarf HJ

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 118, 792-803 (2023)

Emergence of the adolescent obesity epidemic in the United States: five-decade visualization with humanoid avatars

Bennett JP, Wong MC, McCarthy C, Fearnbach N, Queen K, Shepherd J, Heymsfield SB

International Journal of Obesity, 46, 1587-1590 (2022)

Prognostic utility of self‐reported sarcopenia (SARC‐F) in the Multiethnic Cohort

Wu AH, Setiawan VW, Lim U, Tseng C, White KK, Shepherd J, Lenz HJ, Cheng I, Stram DO, Haiman CA, Wilkens LR, Marchand LL

Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle, 13, 987-1002 (2022)

Deep learning predicts all-cause mortality from longitudinal total-body DXA imaging

Glaser Y, Shepherd J, Leong LT, Wolfgruber T, Lui L, Sadowski P, Cummings SR

Communications Medicine, 2, 102 (2022)

Emergence of the obesity epidemic: 6-decade visualization with humanoid avatars

Wong MC, McCarthy C, Fearnbach N, Yang S, Shepherd J, Heymsfield SB

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 115, 1189-1193 (2022)

Additional file 1 of Genome-wide association study implicates novel loci and reveals candidate effector genes for longitudinal pediatric bone accrual

Cousminer DL, Wagley Y, Pippin JA, Elhakeem A, Way GP, Pahl MC, McCormack SE, Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kindler JM, Baird D, Hartley A, Howe LD, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lu S, Leonard ME, Johnson ME, Håkonarson H, Gilsanz V, Shepherd J, Oberfield SE, Greene CS, Kelly A, A. LD, Voight BF, Wells AD, Zemel BS, Hankenson KD, Grant SF

Open MIND, , (2021)

Creating Accurate Representations of DXA Scans from 3D Optical Body Surface Scans for Arbitrary Regional Body Composition Analysis

Leong LT, Wong MC, Liu YE, Kelly NN, PIAZZA M, GARRY S, Heymsfield SB, Shepherd J

Impact of postpartum tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy on bone mineral density in breastfeeding women with HIV enrolled in a randomized clinical trial

Stranix‐Chibanda L, Tierney C, Sebikari D, Aizire J, Dadabhai S, Zanga A, Mukwasi-Kahari C, Vhembo T, Violari A, Theron G, Moodley D, George K, Fan B, Sommer MJ, Browning R, Mofenson L, Shepherd J, Nelson BS, Fowler MG, Siberry GK, team FTPPS

PLoS ONE, 16, e0246272 (2021)

Genome-wide association study implicates novel loci and reveals candidate effector genes for longitudinal pediatric bone accrual

Cousminer DL, Wagley Y, Pippin JA, Elhakeem A, Way GP, Pahl MC, McCormack SE, Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kindler JM, Baird D, Hartley A, Howe LD, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lu S, Leonard ME, Johnson ME, Håkonarson H, Gilsanz V, Shepherd J, Oberfield SE, Greene CS, Kelly A, Lawlor DA, Voight BF, Wells AD, Zemel BS, Hankenson KD, Grant SF

Genome biology, 22, 1 (2021)

Trabecular Bone Score Reference Values for Children and Adolescents According to Age, Sex, and Ancestry

Kalkwarf HJ, Shepherd J, Hans D, Rodríguez EG, Kindler JM, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Winer KK, Zemel BS

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 37, 776-785 (2020)

Genome‐Wide Association Study of Liver Fat: The Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study

Park S, Li Y, Sheng X, Hom V, Xia L, Zhao K, Pooler L, Setiawan VW, Lim U, Monroe KR, Wilkens LR, Kristal BS, Lampe JW, Hullar MA, Shepherd J, Loo LLM, Ernst T, Franke AA, Tiirikainen M, Haiman CA, Stram DO, Marchand LL, Cheng I

Hepatology Communications, 4, 1112-1123 (2020)

Changes in Bone Mineral Density Following Conventional Oral Phosphonate Treatment of Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia: a case-control study

Guo Y, Wu X, Zhou Y, Tang C, Wang M, Mo Z, Tang J, Shepherd J, Ng BK, Fan B, Feng Y, Zhou H

Research Square, , (2019)

SUN-LB090 Accounting for Skeletal Maturation in the Assessment of Pediatric Bone Mineral Density

McCormack SE, Kelly A, Mitchell JA, Cousminer DL, Chesi A, Kindler JM, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Mahboubi S, Winer KK, Grant SF, Zemel BS

Journal of the Endocrine Society, 3, (2019)

Natural Phenotypes of Fat, Lean, and Bone and Their Association to Metabolic Markers

Shepherd J, Piel MK, Sommer MJ, Ng BK, Bourgeois B, Heymsfield SB

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 21, 605 (2018)

Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Apparent Density in Children: Results from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study

Kindler JM, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Kelly A, Winer KK, Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104, 1283-1292 (2018)

Shape and Texture Modeling of Hip Bone Density for Fracture Discrimination.

Shepherd J, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Fan B, Chaplin LA, Cootes T, Cauley JA, Cawthon PM, Cummings S, Liu F, Lindner C, Murphy RA, Visser M, Schwartz AV

Research Explorer (The University of Manchester), , (2017)

Principal component-derived bone density phenotypes and genetic regulation of the pediatric skeleton

Mitchell JA, Chesi A, McCormack SE, Cousminer DL, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Kelly A, Zemel BS, Grant SF

Bone Abstracts, , (2017)

Modeling the shape and composition of the human body using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry images

Shepherd J, Ng BK, Fan B, Schwartz AV, Cawthon PM, Cummings SR, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Santanasto AJ, Cootes T

PLoS ONE, 12, e0175857 (2017)

Multidimensional Bone Density Phenotyping Reveals New Insights Into Genetic Regulation of the Pediatric Skeleton

Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Cousminer DL, McCormack SE, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Kelly A, Zemel BS, Grant SF

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 33, 812-821 (2017)

A Genomewide Association Study Identifies Two Sex‐Specific Loci, at SPTB and IZUMO3, Influencing Pediatric Bone Mineral Density at Multiple Skeletal Sites

Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kalkwarf HJ, Bradfield JP, Lappe JM, Cousminer DL, Roy SM, McCormack SE, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Håkonarson H, Shepherd J, Kelly A, Zemel BS, Grant SF

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32, 1274-1281 (2017)

Genetically Determined Later Puberty Impacts Lowered Bone Mineral Density in Childhood and Adulthood

Cousminer DL, Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Roy SM, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Kelly A, McCormack SE, Voight BF, Zemel BS, Grant SF

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 33, 430-436 (2017)

Immediate Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection Accelerates Bone Loss Relative to Deferring Therapy: Findings from the START Bone Mineral Density Substudy, a Randomized Trial

Hoy J, Grund B, Roediger M, Schwartz AV, Shepherd J, Avihingsanon A, Badal‐Faesen S, Wit SD, Jacoby S, Rosa AL, Pujari S, Schechter M, White D, Engen N, Ensrud KE, Aagaard P, Carr A, Group FTISBMDS

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32, 1945-1955 (2017)

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values of limbs and trunk from NHANES 1999–2004 with additional visualization methods

Hinton B, Fan B, Ng BK, Shepherd J

PLoS ONE, 12, e0174180 (2017)

Spine fracture prevalence in a nationally representative sample of US women and men aged ≥40 years: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014

Cosman F, Krege JH, Looker AC, Schousboe JT, Fan B, Isfahani NS, Shepherd J, Krohn K, Steiger P, Wilson KE, Genant HK

Osteoporosis International, 28, 1857-1866 (2017)

Association Between Linear Growth and Bone Accrual in a Diverse Cohort of Children and Adolescents

McCormack SE, Cousminer DL, Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Roy SM, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Winer KK, Kelly A, Grant SF, Zemel BS

JAMA Pediatrics, 171, e171769 (2017)

Trends in osteoporosis and low bone mass in older US adults, 2005–2006 through 2013–2014

Looker AC, Isfahani NS, Fan B, Shepherd J

Osteoporosis International, 28, 1979-1988 (2017)

Body Shape and Fat Distribution From Whole-Body DXA Accurately Predict Metabolic Syndrome Across Sex and Ethnicity Subgroups

Ng BK, Fan B, Lim U, Marchand LL, Wilkens LR, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 19, 527 (2016)

Trabecular bone scores and lumbar spine bone mineral density of US adults: comparison of relationships with demographic and body size variables

Looker AC, Isfahani NS, Fan B, Shepherd J

Osteoporosis International, 27, 2467-2475 (2016)

BMD Loci Contribute to Ethnic and Developmental Differences in Skeletal Fragility across Populations: Assessment of Evolutionary Selection Pressures

Medina‐Gómez C, Chesi A, Heppe DHM, Zemel BS, Yin J, Kalkwarf HJ, Hofman A, Lappe JM, Kelly A, Kayser M, Oberfield SE, Gilsanz V, Uitterlinden AG, Shepherd J, Jaddoe VWV, Grant SF, Lao Ó, Rivadeneira F

Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32, 2961-2972 (2015)

A trans-ethnic genome-wide association study identifies gender-specific loci influencing pediatric aBMD and BMC at the distal radius

Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kalkwarf HJ, Bradfield JP, Lappe JM, McCormack SE, Gilsanz V, Oberfield SE, Håkonarson H, Shepherd J, Kelly A, Zemel BS, Grant SF

Human Molecular Genetics, 24, 5053-5059 (2015)

Hip Fractures Risk in Older Men and Women Associated With DXA-Derived Measures of Thigh Subcutaneous Fat Thickness, Cross-Sectional Muscle Area, and Muscle Density

Malkov S, Cawthon PM, Peters K, Cauley JA, Murphy RA, Visser M, Wilson J, Harris T, Satterfield S, Cummings S, Shepherd J, Study FTHA

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30, 1414-1421 (2015)

Fracture Risk Prediction by Non-BMD DXA Measures: the 2015 ISCD Official Positions Part 1: Hip Geometry

Broy SB, Cauley JA, Lewiecki M, Schousboe JT, Shepherd J, Leslie WD

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 287-308 (2015)

Executive Summary of the 2015 ISCD Position Development Conference on Advanced Measures From DXA and QCT: Fracture Prediction Beyond BMD

Shepherd J, Schousboe JT, Broy SB, Engelke K, Leslie WD

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 274-286 (2015)

Fracture Risk Prediction by Non-BMD DXA Measures: the 2015 ISCD Official Positions Part 2: Trabecular Bone Score

Silva BC, Broy SB, Boutroy S, Schousboe JT, Shepherd J, Leslie WD

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 18, 309-330 (2015)

Statistical appearance modeling of whole-body bone shape and density

Ng BK, Marquino L, Tai V, Sheets C, Mulligan K, Cootes T, Shepherd J

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 2, 246-247 (2014)

Visceral fat measures in children from DXA scan

Shepherd J, Fan B, Wu XP, Levine MA

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 2, 247 (2014)

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Association With Thoracic Spine Kyphosis

Nardo L, Lane NE, Parimi N, Cawthon PM, Fan B, Shepherd J, Cauley JA, Zucker-Levin A, Murphy RA, Katzman WB

Spine, 39, E1418-E1424 (2014)

Anthropometric models of bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density based on the bone mineral density in childhood study

Short DF, Gilsanz V, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Winer KK, Zemel BS, Hangartner TN

Osteoporosis International, 26, 1099-1108 (2014)

Longitudinal Tracking of Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Bone Measures Over 6 Years in Children and Adolescents: Persistence of Low Bone Mass to Maturity

Wren TAL, Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Winer KK, Gilsanz V

The Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 1280-1285.e2 (2014)

DXA-based Model for Advanced Analysis of Body Shape Variation

Wilson J, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 16, 262 (2013)

Total body bone area, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density for individuals aged 8 years and over: United States, 1999-2006.

Looker AC, Borrud LG, Hughes JP, Fan B, Shepherd J, Sherman M

PubMed, , 1-78 (2013)

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Whole-Body Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Reference Data for GE Lunar Systems

Fan B, Shepherd J, Levine MA, Steinberg D, Wacker W, Barden HS, Ergun DL, Wu XP

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 17, 344-377 (2013)

DXA-Derived Body Shape Indices as Predictors of Diabetes

Wilson J, Fan B, Shepherd J

Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 15, 482 (2012)

Lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and bone area: United States, 2005-2008.

Looker AC, Borrud LG, Hughes JP, Fan B, Shepherd J, Melton LJ

PubMed, , 1-132 (2012)

Osteoporosis or low bone mass at the femur neck or lumbar spine in older adults: United States, 2005-2008.

Looker AC, Borrud LG, Dawson‐Hughes B, Shepherd J, Wright NC

PubMed, , 1-8 (2012)

Changes in femur neck bone density in US adults between 1988–1994 and 2005–2008: demographic patterns and possible determinants

Looker AC, Melton LJ, Borrud LG, Shepherd J

Osteoporosis International, 23, 771-780 (2011)

Lumbar spine bone mineral density in US adults: demographic patterns and relationship with femur neck skeletal status

Looker AC, Melton LJ, Borrud LG, Shepherd J

Osteoporosis International, 23, 1351-1360 (2011)

Fitting of bone mineral density with consideration of anthropometric parameters

Short DF, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Mahboubi S, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Winer KK, Hangartner TN

Osteoporosis International, 22, 1047-1057 (2010)

Body composition data for individuals 8 years of age and older: U.S. population, 1999-2004.

Borrud LG, Flegal KM, Looker AC, Everhart JE, Harris TB, Shepherd J

PubMed, , 1-87 (2010)

Fitting of BMD with consideration of confounding parameters

Hangartner TN, Short DF, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Oberfield SE, Shepherd J, Winer KK

Bone, 45, S87 (2009)

Prevalence and trends in low femur bone density among older US adults: NHANES 2005–2006 compared with NHANES III

Looker AC, Melton LJ, Harris TB, Borrud LG, Shepherd J

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25, 64-71 (2009)

Development of a Research Agenda for Skeletal Intervention: Proceedings from a Multidisciplinary Consensus Panel

Murphy KJ, Kelekis DA, Rundback JH, Gomolka B, Faciszewski T, Gangi A, Kelekis A, Kraft CN, McKiernan FE, Ruefenacht D, Shepherd J, Verlaan J

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 19, 631-638 (2008)

Age, gender, and race/ethnic differences in total body and subregional bone density

Looker AC, Melton LJ, Harris T, Borrud LG, Shepherd J, McGowan J

Osteoporosis International, 20, 1141-1149 (2008)

The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study: Bone Mineral Content and Density According to Age, Sex, and Race

Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM, Horlick M, Oberfield SE, Mahboubi S, Fan B, Frederick M, Winer KK, Shepherd J

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92, 2087-2099 (2007)

Metacarpal index and bone mineral density in healthy African-American women

Shepherd J, Meta M, Landau J, Sherrer YS, Goddard DH, Ovalle MI, Rosholm A, Genant HK

Osteoporosis International, 16, 1621-1626 (2005)

Osteoporosis assessment by whole body region vs. site-specific DXA

Melton LJ, Looker AC, Shepherd J, O’Connor MK, Achenbach SJ, Riggs BL, Khosla S

Osteoporosis International, 16, 1558-1564 (2005)